Science

Comprehensive List of Factors of Fine-Tuning for Life in the Universe

Fine-tuning for life in the universe
17
Sep

The number of fine-tuning factors that scientists have discovered so far is growing. The more we discover nature, the more improbable nature appears to be. Here, I detail the fine-tuning factors for life in the universe as compiled by astronomer, Hugh Ross, in his monumental work, Why the Universe Is the Way It Is. This list pertains specifically to the broad possibility of life. The list of fine-tuning factors specific to intelligent physical life is actually longer (too long, in fact) and is housed in another blog post.

  1. Strong nuclear force constant
  2. Weak nuclear force constant
  3. Gravitational force constant
  4. Electromagnetic force constant
  5. Ratio of electromagnetic force constant to gravitational force constant
  6. Ratio of proton to electron mass
  7. Ratio of number of protons to number of electrons
  8. Ratio of proton to electron charge
  9. Expansion rate of the universe
  10. Mass density of the universe
  11. Baryon (proton and neutron) density of the universe
  12. Space energy or dark energy density of the universe
  13. Ratio of space energy density to mass density
  14. Entropy level of the universe
  15. Velocity of light
  16. Age of the universe
  17. Uniformity of radiation
  18. Homogeneity of the universe
  19. Average distance between galaxies
  20. Average distance between galaxy clusters
  21. Average distance between stars
  22. Average size and distribution of galaxy clusters
  23. density of giant galaxies during early cosmic history
  24. Electromagnetic fine structure constant
  25. Gravitational fine-structure constant
  26. Decay rate of protons
  27. Ground state energy level for helium-4
  28. Carbon-12 to oxygen-16 nuclear energy level ratio
  29. Decay rate for beryllium-8
  30. Ratio of neutron mass to proton mass
  31. Initial excess of nucleons over antinucleons
  32. Polarity of the water molecule
  33. Epoch for peak in the number of hypernova eruptions
  34. Numbers and different kinds of hypernova eruptions
  35. Epoch for peak in the number of type I supernova eruptions
  36. Numbers and different kinds of type I supernova eruptions
  37. Epoch for peak in the number of type II supernova eruptions
  38. Numbers and different kinds of type II supernova eruptions
  39. Epoch for white dwarf binaries
  40. Density of white dwarf binaries
  41. Ratio of exotic matter to ordinary matter
  42. Number of effective dimensions in the early universe
  43. Number of effective dimensions in the present universe
  44. Mass values for the active neutrinos
  45. Number of different species of active neutrinos
  46. Number of active neutrinos in the universe
  47. Mass value for the sterile neutrino
  48. Number of sterile neutrinos in the universe
  49. Decay rates of exotic mass particles
  50. Magnitude of the temperature ripples in cosmic background radiation
  51. Size of the relativistic dilation factor
  52. Magnitude of the Heisenberg uncertainty
  53. Quantity of gas deposited into the deep intergalactic medium by the first supernovae
  54. Positive nature of cosmic pressures
  55. Positive nature of cosmic energy densities
  56. Density of quasars during early cosmic history
  57. Decay rate of cold dark matter particles
  58. Relative abundances of different exotic mass particles
  59. Degree to which exotic matter self interacts
  60. Epoch at which the first stars (metal-free pop III stars) begin to form
  61. Epoch at which the first stars (metal-free pop III stars) cease to form
  62. Number density of metal-free pop III stars
  63. Average mass of metal-free pop III stars
  64. Epoch for the formation of the first galaxies
  65. Epoch for the formation of the first quasars
  66. Amount, rate, and epoch of decay of embedded defects
  67. Ratio of warm exotic matter density to cold exotic matter density
  68. Ratio of hot exotic matter density to cold exotic matter density
  69. Level of quantization of the cosmic spacetime fabric
  70. Flatness of universe’s geometry
  71. Average rate of increase in galaxy sizes
  72. Change in average rate of increase in galaxy sizes throughout cosmic history
  73. Constancy of dark energy factors
  74. Epoch for star formation peak
  75. Location of exotic matter relative to ordinary matter
  76. Strength of primordial cosmic magnetic field
  77. Level of primordial magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
  78. Level of charge-parity violation
  79. Number of galaxies in the observable universe
  80. Polarization level of the cosmic background radiation
  81. Date for completion of second reionization event of the universe
  82. Date of subsidence of gamma-ray burst production
  83. Relative density of intermediate mass stars in the early history of the universe
  84. Water’s temperature of maximum density
  85. Water’s heat of fusion
  86. Water’s heat of vaporization
  87. Number density of clumpuscules (dense clouds of cold molecular hydrogen gas) in the universe
  88. Average mass of clumpuscules in the universe
  89. Location of clumpuscules in the universe
  90. Dioxygen’s kinetic oxidation rate of organic molecules
  91. Level of paramagnetic behavior in dioxygen
  92. Density of ultra-dwarf galaxies (or supermassive globular clusters) in the middle-aged universe
  93. Degree of space-time warping and twisting by general relativistic factors
  94. Percentage of the initial mass function of the universe made up of intermediate mass stars
  95. Strength of the cosmic primordial magnetic field
  96. Capacity of liquid water to form large-cluster anions
  97. Ratio of baryons in galaxies to baryons between galaxies
  98. Ratio of baryons in galaxy clusters to baryons in between galaxy clusters
  99. Rate at which the triple-alpha process (combining of three helium nuclei to make one carbon nucleus) runs inside the nuclear furnaces of stars
  100. Quantity of molecular hydrogen formed by the supernova eruptions of population III stars
  101. Epoch for the formation of the first population II (second generation) stars
  102. Percentage of the universe’s baryons that are processed by the first stars (population III stars)
  103. Ratio of ultra-dwarf galaxies to larger galaxies
  104. Constancy of the fine structure constants
  105. Constancy of the velocity of light
  106. Constancy of the magnetic permeability of free space
  107. Constancy of the electron-to-proton mass ratio
  108. Constancy of the gravitational constant
  109. Smoothness of the quantum foam of cosmic space
  110. Constancy of dark energy over cosmic history
  111. Mean temperature of exotic matter
  112. Minimum stable mass of exotic matter clumps
  113. Degree of Lorentz symmetry or integrity of Lorentz invariantce or level of symmetry of spacetime
  114. Nature of cosmic defects
  115. Number density of cosmic defects
  116. Average size of the largest cosmic structures in the universe
  117. Quantity of three-hydrogen molecules formed by the hypernova eruptions of population III stars
  118. Maximum size of an indigenous moon orbiting a planet
  119. Rate of growth in the average size of galaxies during the first five billion years of cosmic history
  120. Density of dwarf dark matter halos in the present-day universe
  121. Metallicity enrichment of intergalactic space by dwarf galaxies
  122. Average star formation rate throughout cosmic history for dwarf galaxies
  123. Epoch of rapid decline in the cosmic star formation rate
  124. Quantity of heavy elements infused into the intergalactic medium by dwarf galaxies during the first two billion years of cosmic history
  125. Quantity of heavy elements infused into the intergalactic medium by galactic superwinds during the first three billion years of cosmic history
  126. Average size of cosmic voids
  127. Number of cosmic voids per unit of cosmic space
  128. Percentage of the universe’s baryons that reside in the warm-hot intergalactic medium
  129. Halo occupation distribution (number of galaxies per unit of dark matter halo virial mass)
  130. Timing of the peak supernova eruption rate for population III stars (the universe’s first stars)
  131. Ratio of the number density of dark matter subhalos to the number density dark matter halos in the present era universe
  132. Quantity of diffuse, large-grained intergalactic dust
  133. Radiometric decay rate for nickel-78
  134. Ratio of baryonic matter to exotic matter in dwarf galaxies
  135. Ratio of baryons in the intergalactic medium relative to baryons in the circumgalactic media
  136. Level of short-range interactions between protons and exotic dark matter particles
  137. Intergalactic photon density (or optical depth of the universe)
  138. High spin to low spin transition pressure for Fe++
  139. Average quantity of gas infused into the universe’s first star clusters
  140. Degree of suppression of dwarf galaxy formation by cosmic reionization

References: Fine-Tuning Factors for Life in the Universe

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Arthur Khachatryan

Hello, reader. My name's Arthur. I'm an author, a former agnostic, and a current ambassador of Jesus of Nazareth who loves to share the best of reasons for God's ultimate reality. My love and passion are helping Christians and skeptics grow in their faith and knowledge of God through accessible materials.

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